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  EXPLORING ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS: A THOROUGH INSIGHT INTRODUCTION Ankylosing spondylitis, a persistent inflammatory disorder predominantly affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints, takes its name from the Greek roots "ankylos" (indicating joint stiffness) and "spondylo" (referring to vertebra). This condition unfolds as a gradual progression of chronic inflammation, culminating in the bony ankylosis of spinal joints and, occasionally, major limb joints. DEFINITION Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder impacting the axial skeleton, demonstrating varying degrees of involvement in peripheral joints and non-articular structures. RISK FACTORS AND CAUSES GENDER Prevalent among males. AGE Typically manifests between 15 to 35 years. GENETIC PREDISPOSITION HLA (Human leukocyte antigen) – B27 emerges as a significant genetic factor. UNKNOWN FACTORS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Involvement of HLA-B27 leads to: Inflammation of vertebral joints Formation ...

  COGNITIVE PROCESS (LEARNING) IN PSYCHOLOGY FOR NURSES KEY POINTS  INTRODUCTION  DEFINITION  NATURE OF COGNITIVE PROCESS (LEARNING)  TYPES OF COGNITIVE PROCESS (LEARNING)  FACTORS INFLUENCING COGNITIVE PROCESS (LEARNING)  LAWS GOVERNING COGNITIVE PROCESS (LEARNING)  NURSING IMPLICATIONS  CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION From the moment of birth, and arguably even before, individuals embark on the journey of cognitive processes, particularly in the realm of learning. The capacity to learn is a defining characteristic of human beings, shaping our personality, habits, skills, knowledge, attitudes, interests, and character. Our adaptive and maladaptive behaviors, both cognitive and affective, are intricately woven through the fabric of learning processes. DEFINITION The term "cognitive process" encompasses every behavioral modification aimed at meeting environmental requirements. NATURE OF COGNITIVE PROCESS (LEARNING)  Cognitive processes (learning) is a dynamic and ongoing proc...

  INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION (FOR PEDIATRICS) INTRODUCTION : Administering intravenous (IV) medication to pediatric patients may seem challenging, but employing the right techniques is crucial for effective drug delivery. Initiating an IV in pediatric patients can be particularly challenging due to their smaller veins and potential distress at the sight of a needle. WHAT IS IV ADMINISTRATION ? Intravenous administration involves delivering medication directly into a patient's veins. PURPOSES : 1 .Facilitates efficient medication delivery to pediatric patients. 2 .Offers a streamlined and effective method for drug administration. 3. Provides rapid treatment results for pediatric patients. Helpful IV Tips for Pediatric Patients: Nursing Tips for Pediatric IV Starts Keep the child calm: Soothe infants with a pacifier before starting an IV. If possible, allow the mother to hold the baby, encouraging bottle or breastfeeding during the procedure. Insert on non-dominant hand: Prefer hand...